What does the term "perils on the sea" refer to?

The term "perils on the sea" specifically refers to hazards and risks that are associated with ocean and maritime activities. This includes various dangers that can occur during travel over water, such as storms, rough seas, collisions, and other unforeseen events that can lead to loss or damage to vessels or cargo.

In this context, manmade causes of loss during ocean travel encompass the risks linked to human actions or negligence that could lead to maritime accidents, such as shipping mishaps, improper stowing of cargo, or operational errors on board ships. These events can result in significant financial consequences for shipping companies or insurance providers handling marine policies.

Natural disasters or weather patterns may also contribute to maritime risks, but the emphasis on "manmade causes" highlights actions or negligence that specifically arise from human involvement during ocean travel. The other options do not sufficiently capture the essence of "perils on the sea" as they focus on factors that are either more generalized (like naturally occurring causes of loss) or fail to address the specific risks associated with maritime activities.