Which of the following can be considered an exclusion in ocean marine policies?

Acts of war are classified as an exclusion in ocean marine policies because these policies are specifically designed to cover maritime risks and losses related to the transportation of goods over water. However, they generally do not provide coverage for perils resulting from warfare, such as invasions, rebellions, or acts of terrorism. This exclusion exists because the impact of war-related incidents can be unpredictable and potentially catastrophic, making it difficult for insurance companies to effectively assess risk and provide coverage without significantly increasing premiums or facing substantial financial loss.

In contrast, natural disasters like hurricanes or earthquakes may be covered in certain situations, depending on specific policy terms. Winter storms, while severe, are also treated differently within such policies based on their nature and impact. Economic downturns, while influential on markets and valuation, do not relate directly to the physical risks associated with transporting goods over water. Thus, the focus remains on how acts of war create unique risks that are not typically underwritten in ocean marine insurance.