Which of the following is classified as perils of the sea?

The classification of perils of the sea refers specifically to risks and events that can affect maritime operations and the transportation of goods by water. The correct answer addresses the nature of these perils in terms of unforeseen natural occurrences that occur at sea.

Windstorm is considered a peril of the sea because it represents a natural hazard that can lead to significant damage to vessels and cargo as they navigate through rough weather. Windstorms are unpredictable and can result in conditions such as high seas, heavy rainfall, and structural damage to vessels, which are central concerns in maritime insurance policies.

In contrast, other options involve different categories of risks. Fire onboard refers to an event that can happen on a vessel but isn't classified specifically as a peril of the sea; it pertains more to operational hazards. Jettison of cargo is an action taken often as a result of emergencies and could be associated with perils, but it does not fit the standard definition as it implies a deliberate act rather than an uncontrollable peril leading to damage. Negligence during loading would also not be classified as a peril of the sea since it involves human error rather than the inherent perils associated with the maritime environment.

In summary, windstorm is linked to natural events at sea and embodies the unpredictable